ICL 8038 waveform generator. ICL8038 is a monolithic waveform generator IC that can produce sine, square and triangular waveforms with very little distortion. The frequency can be programmed from 0.001Hz to 300 KHz using external timing capacitor and resistor. Frequency modulation and sweeping can be attained by using an external voltage. Other features of the […]
We have developed this article as a beginners guide for Arduino. We have compiled many of our arduino articles to help you understand the board better and begin your first serious project using Arduino. So let’s begin. Ever thought of working with microcontrollers, but resisted due to lack of knowledge about them? Ever made a
Waterless Washing Machine – Laundry Orb New inventions have made strainful works always easier for people. Let us take an example of a washing machine. In early days, people used to wash their own clothes by hand and scrub all the dirt away using a brush and detergent. Later, the washing machine was invented, which
LM4910 stereo headphone amplifier. LM4910 belonging to the Boomer series of National Semiconductors is an integrated stereo amplifier primarily intended for stereo headphone applications. The IC can be operated from 3.3V ans its can deliver 0.35mW output power into a 32 ohm load. The LM4910 has very low distortion ( less than 1%)  and the shutdown
In my previous article, I’ve discussed about ATmega32. Now, let me introduce another member of AVR microcontroller family, the ATmega8. This member has many features similar to that of ATmega32. But it has reduced number of features and capabilities, yet it has enough features to work with. Now let me tell you that if you
Everyone is a newbie when they first start. In electronics, one of the best and satisfying things to create is an FM transmitter. This is maybe just me but it is still fun to create an FM transmitter even for a pro. So here is a very simple circuit to create an FM transmitter. Two transistor
Let a movie be in 3-D or an ordinary 70mm projection. We have always loved it for the story, sound effects, visual effects, and many other factors. But latest technologies have improved the way in which graphics and other effects have been introduced in each frame. Out of them IMAX is the most popular. The
NE567 Â tone decoder / PLL IC. NE567 is a tone decoder IC from Philips. The IC has a built in PLL circuit with AM lock detection and an output driver circuit. The main function of NE567 is to drive a load (usually LED) when a frequency with in its detection band is available at the
Floating regulator. Floating regulator is a type of voltage regulator that works without a real ground connection. This is a trick used for regulating voltages higher than the rated value. For example the typical output voltage range of LM723 voltage regulator IC is 2 to 37V DC. The upper limit can be pushed beyond 37V
PLL FM demodulator. A simple PLL FM demodulator circuit using IC XR2212 is shown here. XR2212 is a highly stable, monolithic PLL (phase locked loop) IC specifically designed for communication and control system applications. The IC has 0.01 Hz to 300KHz frequency range, 4.5 to 20V operating voltage range, 2mV to 3Vrms dynamic range, high
In power electronics chopper circuits, unidirectional power semiconductors are used. If these semiconductor devices are arranged appropriately, a chopper can work in any of the four quadrants. we can classify chopper circuits according to their working in any of these four quadrants  as type A, type B, type C, type D and type E. Let us
Having known about the byte oriented file register operation, only two categories are remaining – the bit oriented file register operations and the control operations. Bit-oriented file register operations: Here these instructions are used when a single bit needs to be affected/changed/checked. There are only four bit-oriented instruction for the 16F84A Mnemonics & Operands Description
The Hollywood film industry went to a whole new level after 3-D movies like James Cameron’s “Avatar†to the latest “Underworld Awakeningâ€. The perspective of watching movies through a whole new dimension is believed to have brought movie fans closer to reality. But, people often complain about headaches and other eye problems after watching a
Choppers  A chopper is basically a dc to dc converter whose main function/usage is to create adjustable dc voltage from fixed dc voltage sources through the use of semiconductors. Types of choppers The main classification of the types of choppers is given in another post. Take a look – TYPES OF CHOPPER CIRCUITS There are
The instruction set of PIC16F84A has 35 instructions [The controller “understands” 35 words].These instructions are otherwise called Mnemonics. While introducing about the PIC16F84A till the hello world program, Â 7 instructions are introduced to you which were, BSF – bit set f BCF- bit clear f MOVLW – move literal value to W-register MOVWF – move
Out of many semiconductor controlled devices, MCT is considered to be the latest. The device is basically a thyristor with two MOSFET’s built into the gate structure. A MOSFET is used for turning ON the MCT and another one is used for turning it OFF. The device is mostly used for switching applications and has
Smallest Data Storage Device There will be a time when all the major technologies in the world will be in nanoscale. Recent developments have been undergone in daily used electronic gadgets like mobiles, computers, laptops and so on. As a part of this, a group of researchers from IBM and CFEL (Centre for free-electron Laser
In embedded C, pre defined libraries play very important role in compiling a program and significantly reduce the code size for the same. However, the optimization and the output file size are very much dependent upon the compiler. In AVR Studio predefined library is pretty big and it is a very complex one. To offer
The previous posts about PIC16F84A explained about controlling the GPIO(General Purpose I/O) pins of the IC. Previously laid circuits explained only about how to switch on or off an LED. You just simply set the desired pin to output and then send a high/low signal to switch on/off the LED. Now, in this post, let
laser cell construction Cyclops, a superhero from the famous comics “X men†has been the favorite of many people across the world. In the story, the character produces powerful laser beams by optical blast from his eyes. This fiction has become a reality by the joint efforts of Seok-Hyun Yun and Malte Gather, two physicists
So far I’ve discussed about the micro controller basics and the compiler software. I’ve yet not written anything about programming. ATmega32 series micro controllers support 3 types of programming  Parallel Programming  ISP Programming or serial Programming  Programming via JTAG Here ISP stands for In System Programmer. To burn a micro controller just
For general purpose computers, programs written in one programming language can support different hardware configurations. But things are different for microcontrollers. Each family of micro controllers have its own unique type of hardware architecture, instruction sets, register configuration and memories.                So for each architecture of Micro controller family, there will be at least one compiler available,
I hope everyone who read the post about programming the PIC16F84A will now be savvy with downloading the program to the controller, and also check the working of the controller. In the previous post, we discussed about producing an output (switching on an led) using PIC16F84A. Here, I will tell you how to work with
Hi all, We are introducing you to a new author Rakesh Bute today. Rakesh is an engineering student in the stream of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation from Asansol Engineering College. He will be writing a series of articles about AVR micro controllers, which later will be combined to form as a tutorial of the same.
So you may have guessed something from the name itself – “Special Function Registers” known with an acronym SFR. Well, your guess is right 🙂 Okay! Lets come to the point. There are 21 Special function registers (SFR) in 8051 micro controller and this includes Register A, Register B, Processor Status Word (PSW), PCON etc
