VCO (Voltage controlled oscillator) Voltage controlled oscillator is a type of oscillator where the frequency of the output oscillations can be varied by varying the amplitude of an input voltage signal. Voltage controlled oscillators are commonly used in frequency (FM), pulse (PM) modulators and phase locked loops (PLL). Another application of the voltage controlled oscillator […]
All About Function Generators A function generator is a signal source that has the capability of producing different types of waveforms as its output signal. The most common output waveforms are sine-waves, triangular waves, square waves, and sawtooth waves. The frequencies of such waveforms may be adjusted from a fraction of a hertz to several
A PUT controlled sawtooth generator circuit is shown in figure. When power is first applied, the programmable unijunction transistor (PUT) is off. The capacitor C begins to charge up and the output voltage rises. This continues until the output voltage (which is also the PUT anode voltage) is about 0.7 V above the control input
Sawtooth wave generator. Many people often get confused between sawtooth wave and a triangular wave. Sawtooth waveform is a type of linear non sinusoidal waveform with a triangular shape in which the rise time and fall time are different. A pure triangular waveform is is also linear, non sinusoidal and have a triangular shape but
How to make a Triangular waveform using Schmitt Trigger and Integrator ? Another triangular-waveform generator that needs fewer components is shown in figure. The arrangement consists of a non-inverting Schmitt trigger Ax and an integrator A2. The output of a Schmitt trigger is a rectangular wave that drives an integrator. The output of the integrator
Triangular wave generator using opamp This is an interesting project for newbies. This article is about creating a triangular wave generator using opamp IC. There are many methods for generating triangular waves but here we focus on the method using opamps. This circuit is based on the fact that a square wave on integration gives
Schmitt Trigger or Regenerative Comparator Circuit A Schmitt trigger circuit is also called a regenerative comparator circuit. The circuit is designed with a positive feedback and hence will have a regenerative action which will make the output switch levels. Also, the use of positive voltage feedback instead of a negative feedback, aids the feedback voltage
How to make a Monostable Multi Vibrator using 741 IC ? As already explained , a monostable multivibrator (MMV) has one stable state and one quasi-stable state. The circuit remains in its stable state till an external triggering pulse causes a transition to the quasi-stable state. The circuit comes back to its stable state after
How to make an Astable or Free running Multi vibrator using 741 Op-Amp ? The non-sinusoidal waveform generators are also called relaxation oscillators. The op-amp relaxation oscillator shown in figure is a square wave generator. In general, square waves are relatively easy to produce. Like the UJT relaxation oscillator, the circuit’s frequency of oscillation is dependent on
How to make a Zero Crossing Detector using  311 Op-Amp IC ? A zero-crossing detector using IC 311 (8 pin DIP unit) is illustrated in figure. The positive (above 0 V) going input signal drives the output transistor on, the output going low (- 10 V in this connection). The negative (below 0 V) goÂing
In this article, we discuss Zero Crossing Detector in detail with two different circuits. In the initial paragraphs of the tutorial, you will learn zero crossing detector using op amp designed using the popular 741 IC. We have a neat draw circuit diagram of zero crossing detector and we have explained its working principle and
A simple sawtooth generator using a GTO and a Zener diode is shown in figure. When the supply is switched on, the GTO will turn on, resulting in the short-circuit equivalent from anode to cathode. As a consequence the capacitor C will begin to charge toward the supply voltage, as illustrated in figure. As the
Square wave generator using uA741 opamp. uA 741 opamp IC. uA 741 is a very popular monolithic opamp IC that can be used for a lot of applications. The uA741 opamp was first introduced by Signetics and now a lot of manufacturers produce them. uA741 is commonly available in an 8 pin DIP plastic package
