Photonic Integrated Circuit Technology Photonic Integrated Circuit (also known as PIC), is a complex integrated circuit which incorporates a lot of optical devices to form a single photonic circuit. The main difference between a PIC and an Electronic IC is that PIC is analogous to an Electronic Integrated Circuit. Many optical devices like optical amplifiers, […]
Schmitt Trigger or Regenerative Comparator Circuit A Schmitt trigger circuit is also called a regenerative comparator circuit. The circuit is designed with a positive feedback and hence will have a regenerative action which will make the output switch levels. Also, the use of positive voltage feedback instead of a negative feedback, aids the feedback voltage
How to make a Monostable Multi Vibrator using 741 IC ? As already explained , a monostable multivibrator (MMV) has one stable state and one quasi-stable state. The circuit remains in its stable state till an external triggering pulse causes a transition to the quasi-stable state. The circuit comes back to its stable state after
How to make an Astable or Free running Multi vibrator using 741 Op-Amp ? The non-sinusoidal waveform generators are also called relaxation oscillators. The op-amp relaxation oscillator shown in figure is a square wave generator. In general, square waves are relatively easy to produce. Like the UJT relaxation oscillator, the circuit’s frequency of oscillation is dependent on
How to make a Zero Crossing Detector using  311 Op-Amp IC ? A zero-crossing detector using IC 311 (8 pin DIP unit) is illustrated in figure. The positive (above 0 V) going input signal drives the output transistor on, the output going low (- 10 V in this connection). The negative (below 0 V) goÂing
In this article, we discuss Zero Crossing Detector in detail with two different circuits. In the initial paragraphs of the tutorial, you will learn zero crossing detector using op amp designed using the popular 741 IC. We have a neat draw circuit diagram of zero crossing detector and we have explained its working principle and
In this post we will be discussing about the op-amp as a comparator.We have already discussed other applications of the op-amp in rectangular wave form generator circuits like astable (or free-running) multivibrators, monostable multivibrators (or one-shot) and bistable multivibrators (or flip-flops). To get a better understanding of operational amplifiers click here:- Operational Amplifiers (Op-amp) Op-amp Comparator A comparator
How a PLL works ? Consider VCO operating without input signal at free-running frequency fr and input signal of frequency fIN increasing from zero is applied to the PC. If the input frequency is less than fIN1, then the error voltage Ve is zero as illustrated in figure and VCO operates at a frequency fr.
MONOLITHIC PHASE-LOCKED LOOP (PLL) ICS Although the evolution of the PLL began in the early 1930s but its cost outweighted its advantage in the beginning. Today the PLL is even available as a single package, typical examples of which are the Signetic’s SE/NE series such as 560, 561, 562, 564, 565 and 567. They only
Operating principle of Phase Locked Loops The block diagram showing operating principle of PLLis given in figure. As illustrated in this fig, the PLL consists of a phase detector, a low-pass filter and a voltage controlled oscillator. YOU MAY ALSO REFER: PHASE LOCKED LOOP IC’s, DESIGN A PLL, PLL OPERATION, and PLL FM DEMODUATOR CIRCUIT Phase Detector A phase
Phase Locked Loops (PLL) Introduction to PLL The concept of Phase Locked Loops (PLL) first emerged in the early 1930’s.But the technology was not developed as it now, the cost factor for developing this technology was very high. Since the advancement in the field of integrated circuits, PLL has become one of the main building
We have already explained in integrated circuits, Hybrid IC’s about the classification of IC’s as bipolar IC’s and Unipolar IC’s. In bipolar IC’s, devices like BJT’s are used. In unipolar IC’s, devices like Field Effect Transistors are used. Metal oxide semiconductor IC (MOS IC) based on MOSFET structure have found wide applications in the digital
Related Articles Integrated Circuits (IC) – Concept, Classification and Advantages Integrated Circuits-Merits and Demerits Classification of Integrated Circuits Monolithic IC Monolithic IC Manufacturing Process Monolithic IC-Component Fabrication How to make an integrated transistor amplifier ? We have already learnt about the basics of integrated circuits, Monolithic IC manufacturing process and its fabrication. In this post
Related Articles Integrated Circuits (IC) – Concept, Classification and Advantages Integrated Circuits-Merits and Demerits Classification of Integrated Circuits Monolithic IC Monolithic IC Manufacturing Process Monolithic IC-Component Fabrication Types of IC Packages For the protection of ICs from external environment and to provide mechanical protection and terminals for electrical connections, various types of packages are used.
The outstanding feature of an IC is that it comprises a number of circuit elements insepa¬rably associated in a single small package to perform a complete electronic circuit. We shall now see how various circuit elements (such as transistors, diodes, resistors etc.) can be fabricated in an IC form. 1.   Transistors  and Â
Related Articles Integrated Circuits (IC) – Concept, Classification and Advantages Classification of Integrated Circuits Integrated Circuits-Merits and Demerits Monolithic IC Monolithic IC-Component Fabrication IC Packages Production Process of Monolithic IC’s A monolithic IC is one in which all circuit components and their inter-connections are formed on a single thin wafer, called the substrate. The basic
Related Articles Integrated Circuits (IC) – Concept, Classification and Advantages Integrated Circuits-Merits and Demerits Classification of Integrated Circuits Monolithic IC Manufacturing Process Monolithic IC-Component Fabrication IC Packages Monolithic IC’s We have already discussed the basics of Integrated Circuits in our previous post. The concepts of a basic monolithic IC will be discussed here. To know
Related Articles Integrated Circuits (IC) – Concept, Classification and Advantages Integrated Circuits-Merits and Demerits Monolithic IC Monolithic IC Manufacturing Process Monolithic IC-Component Fabrication IC Packages An integrated circuit (IC) consists of several interconnected transistors, resistors, capaciÂtors etc., all contained in one small package with external connecting terminals. The circuit may be entirely self-contained, requiring only
Related Articles Integrated Circuits (IC) – Concept, Classification and Advantages Classification of Integrated Circuits Monolithic IC Monolithic IC Manufacturing Process Monolithic IC-Component Fabrication IC Packages Merits or Advantages of Integrated Circuits The integrated circuits offer a number of advantages over those made by interconnecting discrete components. These are summarized as follows: 1.Extremely small size—thousands times
Related Articles Integrated Circuits-Merits and Demerits Classification of Integrated Circuits Monolithic IC Monolithic IC Manufacturing Process Monolithic IC-Component Fabrication IC Packages Integrated Circuits (IC’s) The concept of IC was first introduced in the year 1958. Since then this concept has reached great technological heights than any other concepts and has helped in the miniaturization of
