An electronic galvanometer is a vacuum tube or transistor amplifier, followed by a milli ammeter may be employed as a detector. Some devices have arbitrary scale values, sometimes with variable gain and are designed simply as balance detectors. Sensitivity of such devices may be of the order of a microvolt per scale division or better, […]
 Note:- This article is currently under editing. You may refer this article later to get the full version In this article, we are going deep into resistors and different types of resistors. A resistor is one component that we use in every electronic circuit. Whats is resistance? “Resistance” by definition is the opposition to free
Description. Here is the schematic of a very simple electronic thermostat using IC LM56. LM56 is a very accurate dual output low power thermostat from National Semiconductors.LM56 has various useful features like internal temperature sensor, two internal voltage comparators, internal voltage reference etc. Two stable temperature trip points (VT1 and VT2) are created by dividing
Description. Here is the circuit diagram of an FM transmitter using the IC UPC1651. UPC1651 is a wide band UHF Silicon MMIC amplifier. The IC has a broad frequency response to 1200MHz and power gain up to 19dB.The IC can be operated from 5V DC. The audio signals picked by the microphone are fed to
Description. Here is a very useful lamp flasher circuit using the famous adjustable voltage regulator IC LM317T. LM317 can source up to 1A of current and so up to 12W lamps can be used with this flasher. Such a circuit finds huge application in automobiles. The frequency of the flashing depends on the value of
Description. This is a very simple AM radio circuit using only two transistors. The coil L1 and variable capacitor C1 forms the tank circuit. Transistor Q1 does the job of demodulation. The demodulated signal will be available at the base of Q1.This audio signal is coupled to the base of Q2 for further amplification. The
Description. Many audio mixer circuits have been published here. But I think, this one is the simplest of them. This very simple audio mixer circuit uses only one transistor. The base emitter junction of the transistor is biased by the diodes D1 and D2.The signals to be mixed are directly coupled to the base of
Description. This powerful lamp flasher circuit is ideal for use in automobiles. The circuit is based on IC LM395 (also known as super transistor) which is a very powerful integrated monolithic power transistor with features such as thermal overload protection, current limiting etc. In fact this IC is almost indestructible.The IC can handle currents up
Description. Here is the circuit diagram of a simple two transistor alarm circuit that can be operated from a 9V PP3 battery. Here the two transistors are wired to form an oscillator whose frequency increases when switch S2 is pressed and decreases when S2 is released. In order to attain this the base of Q1
Description. This is the circuit diagram of a 3A adjustable power supply using IC LM350K.. LM350K is a very rugged voltage regulator IC with features like thermal regulation, short circuit protection etc. This circuit is designed as per the application notes in the data sheet and was found to be working very fine.This circuit has
Description. This is perhaps one of the simplest electronic fuse circuit one can make. The circuit uses only one transistor, one SCR, one push button switch and two resistors. The working of the circuit is very simple. Initially the load current flows through SCR and resistor R1.The value of R1 is so selected that, the
Description. Here is the circuit diagram of a fuse that has an automatic status indicator. This circuit can be added to circuit that operates from 12V DC. As long as the fuse is intact, the LED D3 will glow continuously and when the fuse blows off the LED will start and continue blinking. The first
Description. This circuit can be primarily used for charging 12V Ni-Cd battery packs. Any way 6V and 9V battery packs can be also charged by using this circuit a little compromise on power efficiency. The built in automatic current regulator regulates the charging current to somewhat 4 amperes. When the charging current reaches 4A, the
Description. Here is a simple circuit that can be used as a telephone status indicator. When the telephone is in use (off hook) the transistor Q1 switches ON making the red LED D2 glow. When the telephone is not in use (on hook) the Q1 turns OFF and Q2 turns ON. This makes the red
Description. This 40V dual power supply circuit was designed in response to a request made by Michael from Philippines. His application is to power the 150 Watt amplifier circuit published here. I think this power supply design is adequate for the purpose. The transformer T1 steps down the mains voltage, bridge D1 performs the rectification,
Description. Here is a very simple wind meter (anemometer) circuit. I can’t guarantee much on the accuracy of this circuit but it circuit works quite fine. You can measure wind speeds up to 75m/s using this circuit. The transistors Q1 and Q2 are used for sensing the wind. The relationship between thermal impedance of the
Description. Here is a very simple circuit that can be used for testing Zener diodes. The IC1 NE555 is wired as an astable multivibrator and the output of the IC is stepped up to a high voltage AC using the transformer T1.The unloaded AC voltage will be around 120V. The AC voltage is rectified by
UJT (Uni junction transistor) can be easily tested by using a digital multimeter.The three steps for testing the health of a UJT are as follows. 1. Measuring the resistance between B1 and B2 terminals. Set your digital multimeter in resistance mode.Connect the positive lead of multimeter to the B1 terminal and negative lead to the
Description. The circuit given here produces an alarm similar to the police siren. When you press the push button switch S2 capacitor C1 will charge and this will make the transistor Q1 to ON slowly. When the switch S1 is released the C1 will discharge and the transistor Q1 will become OFF slowly. When the
Description. Many automatic night light circuits had been published here. This one uses a photocell for detecting the light intensity. At full light the resistance of the photocell will be few ten ohms and at darkness it will rise to several hundred ohms. The IC1 uA741 is wired as a comparator here. At darkness the
Description. This is a simple but effective code lock circuit that has an automatic reset facility. The circuit is made around the dual flip-flop IC CD4013.Two CD 4013 ICs are used here. Push button switches are used for entering the code number. One side of all the push button switches are connected to +12V DC.
How cool will it be to have an intelligent ceiling fan that will auto-adjust its speed to your comfort! That’s what we are trying to achieve here. Fans help to reduce room temperature by circulating air. This circulation mixes hot and cool air in the room, and in effect reduces the temperature to an average
Description. The circuit given below is of a simple audio amplifier that can deliver 12W to an 8 Ohm speaker. Op amp IC TL081 is used as the preamplifier here. Actually any opamp with matching power supply ratings can be used instead of TL081.Transistors Q1 and Q2 (TIP125 and TIP120) comprises the power amplifier stage.
Description. This is the circuit diagram of a simple three transistor audio amplifier that can deliver around 100mW power to a 25 Ohm speaker. The diodes D1 and D2 provides a constant bias voltage for the transistors Q1 and Q2.The transistor Q1 works as a preamplifier. Transistors Q2 and Q3 drives the speaker. The type
Description. The TV transmitter circuit given here uses UK standard 1 FM modulation for sound and PAL for video modulation. The audio signal to be modulated is pre-amplified using the transistor Q1 and associated components. The transistor Q2 has two jobs: production of carrier frequency and modulation. The pre-amplified audio signal is fed to the
