In this article, we learn about PN junction diode characteristics in detail – like how to bias a PN junction (Forward & Reverse bias methods), behavior of PN junction during forward & reverse bias setups, how to plot the VI characteristics, what is reverse breakdown and many other essential concepts regarding a PN junction diode. […]
This article is a compilation of the simple and popular audio circuits we have published over years in CircuitsToday. This list involves a collection of simple amplifier circuits that you can try at home and some other audio related circuits with specific applications. Image Source 1. 150 Watt amplifier circuit – This circuit is the
Whenever someone decides to learn electronics, the first question that comes to his mind may be – “Where shall I begin?“. I would say, one shall begin at a junction 😉 the “pn junction“. We know semiconductor devices like transistors and diodes are the basic building units of any equipment that involves electronics, say tablet
The world around us is changing at a much faster pace than any one can anticipate. The world of “computing” has already seen great shifts from Desktops to Notebooks to Smartphones and Tablets. The coming decade will be more focused on mobile computing and cloud computing. Here in this article, I am listing some of
Are you hearing the name “Raspberry Pi” for the first time? Then you must really recheck your reading habits! I must say that you are not up to date with the latest happenings around the world 😉 Well, Raspberry Pi is nothing more than a small,customizable computer. When you read “computer“, dont think that its something like
In this article we are attempting to list the most popular electronic circuits we have published over the last couple of years.  We know, its a little difficult task! First hurdle to cross is selecting the criteria to decide – “what makes a circuit popular ?“. Next hurdle is listing all of them in an
We have developed a complete guide to learn AVR microcontroller – a tutorial which teaches the architecture,pin diagram,how to program an avr micro controller, how to work with ADC of avr, how to work with SPI of avr,interfacing LCD with avr, the avr gcc library, how to work with external interrupts, how to establish a
Control structures form the basic entities of a “structured programming language“. We all know languages like C/C++ or Java are all structured programming languages. Control structures are used to alter the flow of execution of the program. Why do we need to alter the program flow ? The reason is “decision making“! In life, we
We have seen 3 simple sorting algorithms already 1) Bubble Sorting 2) Selection Sorting and finally Insertion sorting. All these algorithms were so simple to understand and were easy to implement as a program in C/C++ or even Java. But at the same time all 3 of them were too inefficient. Their execution time was
So far we have seen 2 sorting algorithms:- 1) Bubble sorting and 2) Selection sorting. Now in this article, we are analyzing insertion sort algorithm with its example code suitable for C/C++/Java programming languages. I recommend you go through above articles of Bubble sorting and Selection sorting before reading further. Insertion sorting algorithm sorts one element at
In the previous article, we have analysed Bubble sort algorithm and it’s implementation in C programs. In this article we are going to see another sorting algorithm, named, Selection sorting. Just like “Bubble sort”, selection sort is also considered as an inefficient sorting algorithm. If you are curious to know the reason for this, please
We all know there exist 2 approaches to write a program – 1) Procedure oriented programming (POP) and 2) Object oriented programming (OOP). You can write a program in either way but there are notable differences between both approaches. These 2 approaches are the result of software development evolution over many decades. Since the invention
This article is a little off topic as it is not related to electronics! However I thought this would be useful for some one who manages a Vbulletin forum software. For those who find the name “Vbulletin” alien, it’s a forum management software. Recently we lost access to our “administrator” account of our forum software!
I am beginning a series of articles about C++ programming language. So lets begin with a simple C++ program as shown below. #include int main() { cout
Bubble sorting is one of the simplest sorting algorithm that we can use to sort an array or a structure. Though it is so simple to implement in a C program, bubble sort is also considered as an inefficient sorting algorithm. Bubble sort comes handy in cases where the total number of elements to be sorted is
In this article we are learning about “void pointers” in C language. Before going further it will be good if you refresh about pointers by reading – Introduction to pointers in C. A pointer variable is usually declared with the data type of the “content” that is to be stored inside the memory location (to
The basic purpose of developing a C programming tutorial for this website – CircuitsToday – is to make it useful for people who wish to work with embedded systems. Really good C programming skill is an essential to work with embedded systems and “Pointers” is the most important concept in C that should be mastered
It is a general notion that people try to classify programming languages as either “compiled” language or “interpreted” language. Even experienced programmers tend to get confused here! But the fact is, programming languages are neither “compiled” nor “interpreted” types. They can be both at the same time. Compiling or interpreting -both are 2 different ways
There is no one in this world who is born as a programmer 😉 To write efficient programs using any languages you have to learn it by doing! You have to write as many different programs using as many different algorithms. You have to break codes, make errors, debug errors and sometimes you have to
There are many compilers available for C language for different platforms, of which Turbo C is the one used commonly for Windows operating systems. You may all know that Turbo C/C++ is a 16 bit compiler which was originally developed for Windows versions up to XP. Nowadays most people uses latest versions of Windows like
We are into third chapter of C programming in which we will discuss operators, operands, expressions and escape sequences. I assume that you have already gone through Chapter 1 – Data Types in C and Chapter 2 – Variables and Keywords in C. Operator – An operator is usually a symbolic representation of a particular
In this chapter, I would like to explain variables and keywords in C language. I hope you have already gone through Chapter 1 – Data Types and Constants in C. Image Courtesy Variables A variable can be defined in many ways. At the basic level, a variable can be defined as a memory location declared
To use any language in communication (to write/to speak), we need to understand it’s grammar first. In the case of a programming language like C, the scenario is same as in the case of a communication language. We need to understand the grammar of C programming language first. So here begins:- In this article we
In this article, I would like to introduce you to the concept of interrupts, how interrupts work, vector address, interrupt priority and how to write an ISR (interrupt service routine). “Interruption” in English language means a deviation from the normal routine. We know the processor is always busy executing some kind of instructions. What if
Difference between a GPOS (Normal General Purpose Operating System) and an RTOS (Real Time Operating System) The whole purpose of this article is to outline the basic differences between a GPOS (General Purpose Operating System) or a Normal OS as many people call it and an RTOS (Real Time Operating System). Let’s have a look.
