7 segment display. Seven segment display is a device that can display decimal numbers and are widely used in electronic clocks, electronic meters, digital display panels and a hand full of  applications where numerical data is  is displayed. The idea of seven segment display is very old and they are in the scenario from early […]
In this article, learn about Ripple carry adder by learning the circuit. A ripple carry adder is an important digital electronics concept, essential in designing digital circuits. Ripple carry adder circuit. Multiple full adder circuits can be cascaded in parallel to add an N-bit number. For an N- bit parallel adder, there must be N number of
Cascode amplifier is a two stage circuit consisting of a transconductance amplifier followed by a buffer amplifier. The word “cascode” was originated from the phrase “cascade to cathode”. This circuit have a lot of advantages over the single stage amplifier like, better  input output isolation, better gain, improved bandwidth, higher input impedance, higher output impedance,
Log amplifier. Log amplifier is a linear circuit in which the output voltage will be a constant times the natural logarithm of the input. The basic output equation of a log amplifier is v Vout = K ln (Vin/Vref); where Vref is the constant of normalisation, and K is the scale factor. Log amplifier finds
ICL 8038 waveform generator. ICL8038 is a monolithic waveform generator IC that can produce sine, square and triangular waveforms with very little distortion. The frequency can be programmed from 0.001Hz to 300 KHz using external timing capacitor and resistor. Frequency modulation and sweeping can be attained by using an external voltage. Other features of the
LM4910 stereo headphone amplifier. LM4910 belonging to the Boomer series of National Semiconductors is an integrated stereo amplifier primarily intended for stereo headphone applications. The IC can be operated from 3.3V ans its can deliver 0.35mW output power into a 32 ohm load. The LM4910 has very low distortion ( less than 1%)  and the shutdown
Everyone is a newbie when they first start. In electronics, one of the best and satisfying things to create is an FM transmitter. This is maybe just me but it is still fun to create an FM transmitter even for a pro. So here is a very simple circuit to create an FM transmitter. Two transistor
NE567 Â tone decoder / PLL IC. NE567 is a tone decoder IC from Philips. The IC has a built in PLL circuit with AM lock detection and an output driver circuit. The main function of NE567 is to drive a load (usually LED) when a frequency with in its detection band is available at the
Floating regulator. Floating regulator is a type of voltage regulator that works without a real ground connection. This is a trick used for regulating voltages higher than the rated value. For example the typical output voltage range of LM723 voltage regulator IC is 2 to 37V DC. The upper limit can be pushed beyond 37V
PLL FM demodulator. A simple PLL FM demodulator circuit using IC XR2212 is shown here. XR2212 is a highly stable, monolithic PLL (phase locked loop) IC specifically designed for communication and control system applications. The IC has 0.01 Hz to 300KHz frequency range, 4.5 to 20V operating voltage range, 2mV to 3Vrms dynamic range, high
MP3302 MP3302 is a boost converter IC specifically designed for LED drive applications. The MP3302 can drive 27 LEDs (9 strings of 3 white LEDs in series) from a Lithium ion battery. The IC has internal power MOSFETs for driving the LEDs and has an efficiency of 88%. Switching frequency is 1.3MHz and the internal
CAT3603. CAT3603 is a three channel charge pump LED driver IC from Catalyst Semiconductors that can be operated in either LDO mode or fractional mode. The IC can deliver 30mA per channel and can be operated from an input voltage range of 3 to 5.5V DC. CAT3063 has a quiescent current as low as 0.1uA
Amplifier is a circuit that is used for amplifying a signal. The input signal to an amplifier will be a current or voltage and the output will be an amplified version of the input signal. An amplifier circuit which is purely based on a transistor or transistors is called a transistor amplifier. Transistors amplifiers are
12V battery level indicator circuit with  LED bar /dot display LM3914. The heart of this circuit is the LM3914 from national semiconductors. The LM3914 can sense voltage levels and can drive a display of 10 LEDs in dot mode or bar mode. The bar mode and dot mode can be externally set and more
Current amplifier and buffers. Buffer amplifier. Buffer amplifier is a circuit which transforms electrical impedance from one circuit to another. Â The main purpose of a buffer is to prevent the loading of a preceding circuit by the succeeding one. For example, a sensor may have the capability to produce a voltage or current corresponding to
Transimpedance amplifier / current to voltage converter. The transimpedance amplifier is a circuit that converts current to a proportional voltage. It is also termed as current to voltage converter or simple I to V converter. The transimpedance amplifier has ideally zero input resistance and low output resistance. The transconductance amplifier has a lot of applications
Differential amplifier In this post, differential amplifier using BJT and differential amplifier using op-amps are explained in detail. Please go through both of them to get a better understanding. Differential Amplifier using Transistor Differential Amplifier using Op-amp The circuit diagrams and detailed equations are provided along with the article. Please go through them. Differential Amplifier
Voltage comparator circuit. Voltage comparator is a circuit which compares two voltages and switches the output to either high or low state depending upon which voltage is higher. A voltage comparator based on opamp is shown here. Fig1 shows a voltage comparator in inverting mode and Fig shows a voltage comparator in non inverting mode.
Controllability and Observability. Controllability and observability are two very important things related to state space analysis. There are many tests for checking controllability and obervability and these tests are very essential during the design of a control system using state space approach. Controllability. Controllability verifies whether is state variable is useful or not. It checks
State space analysis. State space analysis is an excellent method for the design and analysis of control systems. The conventional and old method for the design and analysis of control systems is the transfer function method. The transfer function method for design and analysis had many drawbacks. Drawbacks of transfer function analysis. Transfer function is
Summing amplifier using opamp. Summing amplifier is a type operational amplifier circuit which can be used to sum signals. The sum of the input signal is amplified by a certain factor and made available at the output .Any number of input signal can be summed using an opamp. The circuit shown below is a three
Instrumentation amplifier using opamp Instrumentation amplifier is a kind of differential amplifier with additional input buffer stages. The addition of input buffer stages makes it easy to match (impedance matching) the amplifier with the preceding stage. Instrumentation are commonly used in industrial test and measurement application. The instrumentation amplifier also has some useful features like
Opamp inverting amplifier. An inverting amplifier using opamp is a type of amplifier using opamp where the output waveform will be phase opposite to the input waveform. The input waveform will be amplifier by the factor Av (voltage gain of the amplifier) in magnitude and its phase will be inverted. In the inverting amplifier circuit
Integrator circuit. An integrator circuit is a circuit in which the input waveform. An integrator circuit based on opamp is shown in fig1. Such a circuit is also termed as an integrating amplifier. The circuit is somewhat similar to an opamp inverting amplifier but the feedback resistor Rf is replaced by a capacitor Cf. The
Class D amplifier. Class D amplifier is a type of amplifier where the power devices (MOSFET or transistor) are operated as switches. There will be only two states (ON/OFF) for these switches and no time is wasted for the transition from one stage to another. The working of a class D amplifier is as follows.
